Question 1

What is a modern award and why does it matter?

Accepted Answer

A modern award is a legal document that sets out the minimum pay rates and employment conditions for employees in a particular industry or occupation. Awards cover things like minimum wages, penalty rates, allowances, leave entitlements, and rostering rules. If your employees aren't covered by an enterprise agreement or other registered agreement, they're likely covered by a modern award. Getting it wrong can lead to underpayments, penalties, and damage to your reputation.

Question 2

How do I know which award applies to my business?

Accepted Answer

The award that applies depends on the industry you operate in and the type of work your employees do. For example, a café might fall under the Restaurant Award, while a pub could be covered by the Hospitality Award. See our guide to finding which award applies or use Fair Work's Pay and Conditions Tool (PACT) at calculate.fairwork.gov.au. You'll need to answer questions about your business operations and the roles your employees perform.

Question 3

Can my business be covered by multiple awards?

Accepted Answer

Yes, it's possible for different employees in the same business to be covered by different awards, depending on their roles. For example, a hotel might have hospitality staff covered by the Hospitality Award, while administrative staff might be covered by the Clerks Award. Always check which award applies to each employee's specific role and duties.

Question 4

What's the difference between an award and the National Employment Standards (NES)?

Accepted Answer

The National Employment Standards (NES) are 11 minimum standards that apply to all employees in Australia, regardless of which award covers them. These include things like maximum weekly hours, annual leave, and notice of termination. Modern awards build on top of the NES by setting industry-specific pay rates, penalty rates, allowances, and other conditions. Employees must receive whichever is better between the award and the NES for each entitlement.

Question 5

Do award rates change every year?

Accepted Answer

Yes, most award pay rates are updated annually following the Fair Work Commission's Annual Wage Review, which usually takes effect from the first full pay period on or after 1 July each year. These updates typically increase minimum wages and allowances to keep pace with cost of living changes. Employers must update their payroll systems and ensure they're paying the new rates from the effective date.

Question 6

What are classification levels and how do I use them?

Accepted Answer

Classification levels define the skills, experience, and responsibilities required for different roles within an award. Each level has a different minimum pay rate. For example, Level 1 might be an entry-level role with basic duties, while Level 4 could be a supervisor or experienced worker with more responsibility. Check your specific award for the classification definitions and assign employees to the level that best matches their role and duties.

Question 7

What are penalty rates and when do they apply?

Accepted Answer

Penalty rates are higher pay rates that apply when employees work outside ordinary hours, such as evenings, weekends, or public holidays. For example, an employee might receive 150% of their base rate for Saturday work and 200% for Sunday work. The specific penalty rates vary by award and employment type (full-time, part-time, or casual). See our penalty rates calculation guide for step-by-step instructions.

Question 8

What's the difference between base rate, minimum rate, and all-purpose rate?

Accepted Answer

The base rate is the hourly rate before any loadings, penalties, or allowances. The minimum rate includes the casual loading (if applicable) but no penalties or allowances. The all-purpose rate is used to calculate certain entitlements like overtime, penalties, and leave loading. Understanding these distinctions is important for calculating pay correctly, especially when penalties and allowances stack on top of each other.

Question 9

How do junior rates work?

Accepted Answer

Junior rates are reduced minimum wages that apply to employees under a certain age (usually under 21). The percentage of the adult rate varies by age and award. For example, a 16-year-old might receive 50% of the adult rate, while a 20-year-old might receive 90%. Once an employee turns 21, they must be paid the full adult rate. Check your specific award for the junior wage scale that applies.

Question 10

What allowances might I need to pay?

Accepted Answer

Allowances are additional payments for specific circumstances, such as meal allowances, uniform allowances, first aid allowances, or split shift allowances. They compensate employees for expenses or inconveniences related to their work. The types of allowances and their amounts vary by award. Common examples include laundry allowances for uniforms, tool allowances for tradespeople, and meal allowances when shifts exceed a certain length.

Question 11

What's the difference between full-time, part-time, and casual employees?

Accepted Answer

Full-time employees work 38 hours per week (or the weekly hours specified in their award) and receive paid leave entitlements. Part-time employees work regular, agreed hours less than full-time and also receive paid leave on a pro-rata basis. Casual employees don't have guaranteed hours, receive a loading (usually 25%) instead of paid leave, and can generally be terminated without notice. Each type has different pay rates, entitlements, and obligations under awards.

Question 12

When do I need to offer casual conversion to permanent employment?

Accepted Answer

Under most modern awards, casual employees who've worked regular hours for 6-12 months (depending on the award) may request conversion to permanent employment. Employers must consider these requests and can only refuse on reasonable grounds. See our casual conversion guide for the complete process and timelines.

Question 13

Can I roster casual employees whenever I want?

Accepted Answer

While casual employees generally have more flexible arrangements, you can't roster them completely at random. Many awards require reasonable notice of shifts (often 24-48 hours), minimum shift lengths (usually 2-4 hours), and restrictions on broken shifts. Additionally, if a casual works regular, predictable hours over time, they may no longer be a genuine casual and could be entitled to conversion or permanent employment entitlements.

Question 14

Do part-time employees need to have their hours in writing?

Accepted Answer

Yes, under most modern awards, part-time employees must have their guaranteed hours and days of work specified in writing. This is usually done in the employment contract or a letter of engagement. Without this, it's hard to determine when the employee is working overtime or when they're entitled to penalty rates. Clear written agreements protect both the employer and employee.

Question 15

What happens if I ask a casual to work regular hours?

Accepted Answer

If a casual employee works regular and predictable hours over an extended period (usually 6-12 months), they may no longer be considered a genuine casual. This could trigger casual conversion rights, or in some cases, they might be deemed to have been a permanent employee all along. This can result in backpay for leave entitlements and other permanent employee benefits. Document the irregular and intermittent nature of casual work to maintain the casual classification.

Question 16

What records do I need to keep for award compliance?

Accepted Answer

Employers must keep detailed employee records for 7 years, including: employment contracts, rosters, time and attendance records, pay records showing how pay was calculated, and leave records. Poor record-keeping is one of the most common compliance failures. Our payroll audit guide and HR audit guide can help you review your records.

Question 17

How can rostering software help with award compliance?

Accepted Answer

Award-interpreting rostering software automatically calculates pay based on the relevant award rules, including base rates, penalty rates, overtime, and allowances. It can alert you when rostering decisions might breach award rules (like minimum shift lengths or rest breaks) and help track casual conversion eligibility. This reduces the risk of underpayments and saves time compared to manual calculations. Look for software that's regularly updated to reflect award changes.

Question 18

What are the penalties for getting award rates wrong?

Accepted Answer

Underpaying employees can result in serious consequences, including: backpay of all underpaid wages (sometimes going back 6 years), penalties of up to $93,900 per breach for businesses and $18,780 for individuals, damage to your business reputation, and legal costs. Fair Work can audit your business and issue compliance notices. In serious cases, court proceedings may result. It's much cheaper to get it right from the start.

Question 19

Where can I get help understanding my award obligations?

Accepted Answer

Start with Fair Work Ombudsman at fairwork.gov.au - they provide free resources, pay guides, and the Pay and Conditions Tool (PACT). You can also call Fair Work's helpline for specific questions. For complex situations, consider consulting an employment lawyer or HR advisor. Industry associations often provide guidance specific to your sector. Award-interpreting software can also help automate compliance.

Question 20

How do I handle award rate increases each July?

Accepted Answer

Each year around June, the Fair Work Commission announces the Annual Wage Review outcomes, which usually take effect from the first full pay period on or after 1 July. Download the updated pay guide for your award from Fair Work's website. Update your payroll system with the new rates, allowances, and penalty calculations. Communicate the changes to affected employees and review your budget to account for increased labour costs. Set a reminder each year to check for updates.

Australian award rates guides 2025/2026

Food & hospitality

Hospitality Industry Award

Restaurant Industry Award

Fast Food Industry Award

Registered & Licensed Clubs Award

Meat Industry Award

Health & care services

Aged Care Award

Nurses Award

SCHADS Award

Health Professionals & Support Services Award

Children's Services Award

Fitness Industry Award

Retail & other industries

General Retail Industry Award

Pharmacy Industry Award

Manufacturing & Associated Industries Award

Pastoral Award

Road Transport & Distribution Award

Cleaning Services Award

Public sector & trades

Local Government Industry Award

Educational Services (Teachers) Award

Plumbing & Fire Sprinklers Award

What's included in each guide

Current pay rates

Penalty rates

Classifications

Employment types

Leave entitlements

Compliance checklists

Not sure which award applies to your business?

Frequently asked questions

More resources

How-to guides

Free HR templates

Software reviews